Hearing well impacts every area of a child’s life—language and speech development, social skills, and future academic and personal success.

Yet little research has been conducted that focuses on infants and preschoolers with mild to severe hearing loss to determine what support or services will help them succeed.

A large-scale longitudinal study, the first-of-its-kind in the nation, followed children ranging in age from 6 months to 7 years old who experienced mild to severe hearing loss.

The Outcomes of Children with Hearing Loss (OCHL) study, conducted by researchers at the University of Iowa, Boys Town National Research Hospital, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, examined the impact of early identification and intervention on children with hearing loss. 

The study’s findings were published online Oct. 27  in a monographic supplement to the November/December issue of the journal Ear and Hearing, published by the American Auditory Society.

The researchers discovered that children with mild to severe hearing loss, as a group, have poorer language development than their hearing peers, and the impact of hearing loss on language increases as the amount of hearing loss increases.

The study also revealed that providing children with well-fit hearing aids is associated with better rates of language development. However, the study showed that 35 percent of children’s hearing aids were not fitted optimally, limiting the amount of access children had to speech information through the hearing aid.

“Audiologists for a long time have been able to put these children in a test booth and show that, yes, these kids hear better when they have hearing aids on than when they don’t have them on,” says Bruce Tomblin, an emeritus professor in the University of Iowa’s Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders.

From this knowledge, Tomblin says, researchers and clinicians have assumed that that hearing aids should be good for hard-of-hearing youth in terms of learning, speech, language, and socialization. 

“Hearing well is crucial to developing linguistic skills, building social connections, and succeeding in life,” says Mary Pat Moeller, director of the Center for Childhood Deafness and the language development laboratory at Boys Town National Research Hospital.

Tomblin says “our research now provides strong evidence in support of these expectations.”

Importantly, the new study also discovered that many hard-of-hearing children who receive optimal, early services are able to “catch up or significantly close the gaps with their hearing peers,” according to Tomblin, who was the D.C. Spriestersbach distinguished professor of liberal arts and sciences in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences during the course of this study, from 2008 to 2012.

“The cautionary note from our research is that any degree of hearing loss, even mild, can place children at risk. Our study shows that the risk can be minimized with early and aggressive intervention,” he says.

Moeller and Tomblin have been co-principal investigators since the study's inception in 2008.

Other main takeaways are that hearing aid provision in early infancy results in better early language outcomes; children who were fit later showed delays in language development, although this delay diminished with extended hearing aid use; consistent daily hearing aid use provides some protection against language delay and supports auditory development; the richness of parents’ or caregivers' talk with the child influences language outcomes.

Moeller says that this study empowers parents and health care providers with the empirical support to put safety nets and protections in place that may help children with hearing loss succeed in all facets of their lives.

“Protection arises from properly fit hearing aids that are used consistently and providing a rich linguistic environment around the child,” Moeller says, “as well as making sure the families who need additional support and knowledge receive it.”

The study collected data from 317 children who are hard of hearing and a comparison group of 117 children with normal hearing.  The children were recruited from locations surrounding the three collaborating sites and ultimately came from 17 states. With a few exceptions, children in the OCHL study had permanent, bilateral hearing losses, and all but a few children were fitted with hearing aids.

The majority of the children, 76 percent, were identified through newborn hearing screenings.

Prior to 1993, only two states, Hawaii and Rhode Island, had legislative mandates requiring newborn hearing screening for all babies born in those states. Today, 97 percent of all newborns nationally undergo universal newborn hearing screening.

The National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management (NCHAM) reports that detecting and treating hearing loss at birth for one child saves $400,000 in special education costs by the time that child graduates from high school.

“One of the reasons there hasn’t been a study like this before is that we’ve only been doing newborn screening for 10 years," says Ryan McCreery, director for the Center for Audiology at Boys Town National Research Hospital, who was also involved with the study.

 “Before universal newborn hearing screenings, we weren’t catching kids with hearing loss until they were already through some very important stages in language development,” says McCreery. “This is really the first cohort of children who were identified with early hearing loss early enough to allow exploration of their early development.”

The researchers are now, for the first time, able to follow these children through their life-long experience with hearing aids.

Cause for optimism

This study is cause for optimism, Tomblin says, because it focused on “malleable” factors that parents, health care providers, and educators have the power to influence.

“We can’t change these children’s socioeconomic status,” Moeller says. “But we can offer parents more knowledge, we can help make sure that these kids have properly fit hearing aids, or offer more therapeutic support.”

A multidisciplinary team of professionals from the UI, Boys Town National Research Hospital, and the University of North Carolina in the fields of audiology, speech-language, psychology, and biostatistics helped support the project.

The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health–National Institute on Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders: R01DC009560, R01DC013591, and R03DC012647.